Afebrile means that you have a normal body temperature or that it is not elevated. Simply put: you are afebrile when you do not have a fever.
Aerius is a medicine from the group of antihistamines. It is available in tablet form. The active substance found in Aerius is desloratadine. Desloratadine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is primarily used for the treatment of hives (urticaria), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
Advantan is a local corticosteroid used for treating various inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczematoid dermatitis, nummular dermatitis...). It is available in the form of cream or ointment. The active substance found in Advantan is methylprednisolone aceponate. Corticosteroids are medications that act as anti-inflammatory or reduce inflammation.
Acyanotic means that someone is not cyanotic. Cyanosis, however, is a condition in which there is not enough oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis can manifest, for example, with bluish lips.
Allergic asthma is a type of asthma that is triggered by certain allergens (e.g. pollen).
Allergy is a hypersensitivity of the organism to a certain substance. Allergy can manifest with various skin rashes, sneezing, swelling around the eyes etc. However, it can also manifest in the form of anaphylactic shock, which can potentially cause death.
Acute bronchitis is a disease in which the bronchi are inflamed. The bronchi are "tubes" in the lungs through which air moves during breathing. The most common causes of acute bronchitis are viruses. Patients with acute bronchitis usually cough.
Afloderm is a local corticosteroid, used for treating various inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczematoid dermatitis, nummular dermatitis ...). It is available in the form of a cream or ointment. The active ingredient found in Afloderm is alclometasone. Corticosteroids are medications that act anti-inflammatory or reduce inflammation.
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa with associated inflammation of the ocular conjunctiva. This inflammation occurs due to contact with a specific allergen. Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, itching in the nose area, a blocked nose, itching in the eye area, tearing, red eyes, swollen eyelids.
Allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to contact with a specific allergen. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis include a runny nose, sneezing, itching in the nose area, and a blocked nose.
Allergic contact dermatitis is a skin disease that occurs due to the body's hypersensitivity to a certain substance. It is a type 4 allergic reaction. When the skin comes into contact with a certain allergen, itching, redness, peeling, and possibly blisters appear on the skin. The diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis can be confirmed with epicutaneous testing. Quite common allergens that trigger allergic contact dermatitis are nickel, fragrances, preservatives, etc.
Allergic diseases are diseases that occur due to the body's hypersensitivity to a certain substance. Examples of allergic diseases: allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, urticaria, allergic contact dermatitis, ...
Anamnesis refers to the information about the patient's health condition, acquired by the doctor during the examination with the questions posed to the patient. Anamnesis is usually stated at the beginning of each medical report. In anamnesis, data about the issue for which the patient came for the examination are collected, while data related to allergies, possible other associated diseases, family diseases, etc., are also stated. Examples of questions that a doctor asks during the examination, if, for example, it deals with atopic dermatitis, are the following: How long have the lesions been appearing? Where on the skin are the lesions present? What have you already applied to your skin so far? What improves the condition or what worsens it? etc.
Alvesco is a medication for the treatment of lung diseases (asthma). It is a drug from the group of corticosteroids, the active substance is ciclesonide. The drug works by reducing inflammation in the lungs. It is a container from which the drug is sprayed under pressure, we then "transfer" the drug to the lungs during inhalation.
This refers to the diagnosis of sensitization or an examination in which specific IgE are measured in the patient's serum. With the allergomicrogrid, a larger number of different specific IgE are measured simultaneously.
Antiseptics are substances that destroy microorganisms, prevent the growth of microorganisms and their reproduction.
Antihistamines are a group of drugs that inhibit the action of histamine in the body. We know different types of antihistamines. In dermatology, we mostly use H1 histamine receptor blockers. Antihistamines are used for the treatment of hives, also known as urticaria, various allergies, and itching.
An antibiogram is a laboratory test used to determine the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.
Anicteric is a term that means the patient is not jaundiced. Jaundice, or icterus, is a condition in which a person's skin turns yellow. Jaundice first appears as a yellow discoloration of the eyes or sclera. Jaundice is a sign of liver disease or bile duct disease. It is due to increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood.
It is about a nursing ointment, in which there is purified water (aqua purificata) and eucerol. Eucerol is an ointment base, composed of white vaseline, cholesterol and lanolin.
Diffusion capacity is a medical term that refers to the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream. Testing of diffusion capacity is part of pulmonary examinations, which determine how well the lungs are functioning. The examination usually involves the patient inhaling a small amount of gas, after which the doctor measures how much of this gas has been transferred into the blood. If the diffusion capacity is low, it means that the lungs cannot effectively transfer oxygen into the blood, which can indicate various lung diseases.
It refers to a skin fold just below the lower eyelid. It can simply be an ethnic/genetic characteristic, but it is often visible in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Betamethasone is a medicinal ingredient from the group of corticosteroids. Betamethasone is available in the form of local preparations (cream, ointment, dermal solution) and in the form of a suspension for injection. In the form of local preparations, it is available as a standalone medicine or in combination with other local medicinal ingredients.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory, itchy skin disease. Atopic dermatitis occurs in approx. 20% of all children, with less atopic dermatitis in adults. The occurrence of atopic dermatitis is influenced by three major intertwining factors: altered skin microbiome, immune dysregulation, and impaired protective or barrier layer of the skin.
Atopy is a term that refers to a genetic predisposition to the production of IgE antibodies after exposure to a specific allergen. It is an excessive immune response to otherwise harmless substances from the environment. Atopic diseases include atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract. Symptoms of asthma include: difficulty breathing, "wheezing" in the chest, coughing. It can occur at any time in life. It is often associated with other atopic diseases (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis).
The term "clubbed fingers" refers to the shape of the fingers. Clubbed fingers are thickened at the ends, and the nails on clubbed fingers are also wider and larger. Clubbed fingers can occur in various diseases (e.g., lung and digestive diseases).
Berodual is a medication used to treat asthma (especially during exacerbation). The active ingredients in Berodual are fenoterol and ipratropium bromide. It is available in the form of a spray or inhalation solution for a nebulizer. The medication causes bronchodilation (expansion of the airways in the lungs).
Beloderm is a local corticosteroid used for treating various inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczematoid dermatitis, nummular dermatitis...). It is available in the form of cream, ointment, and dermal solution. The active ingredient found in Beloderm is betamethasone. Corticosteroids are medicines that act anti-inflammatory or reduce inflammation.
Basophils are blood cells from the group of leukocytes or white blood cells. White blood cells are important in the body for defense against harmful microorganisms. Basophils are distinguished from other white blood cells based on the color of the granules located within the cells themselves.
Celiac disease is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease, which is a result of hypersensitivity to gluten. It most commonly affects the small intestine. Gluten is a protein that we find in wheat and some other grains. Patients often have digestive disorders. As a result, there may be a lack of basic food components, minerals, and vitamins in the body.
BSA is an acronym for "body surface area". With BSA, we determine what percentage of the skin is affected by certain skin diseases. BSA 4% means that 4% of the skin is affected by certain skin diseases.
We use the bronchodilator or bronchodilation test to prove the reversibility of obstruction in the airways. With this test, we try to prove or confirm asthma. The test is performed by blowing air into the mouthpiece. The device then calculates all the necessary values. When the application of a bronchodilator completely eliminates the obstruction and normalizes the FEV1, the test is considered successful in proving asthma.
Betrion is a local antibiotic in the form of an ointment, which is used for the treatment of bacterial skin infections.
It refers to the total amount of immunoglobulins E. IgE is an acronym for immunoglobulins E. IgE is produced by cells, which we call plasma cells. IgE are an important part of the immune response. They participate in the defense of the body against parasites. IgE also play an important role in Type I hypersensitivity, which we encounter in asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis. IgE also play an important role in severe allergic reactions such as anaphylactic reaction.
Cyclosporine is a drug from the group of immunosuppressants. It is used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs after transplantation, but it is also used for the treatment of certain other diseases (e.g. for the treatment of atopic dermatitis). It works by suppressing the immune system.
Cetixin is a medicine from the group of antihistamines. It is available in tablet form. The active substance found in Cetixin is cetirizine. Cetirizine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of histamine receptors type 1. It is primarily used for the treatment of urticaria (hives), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
Perennial allergens are allergens that we can be exposed to throughout the year. A typical example of a perennial allergen is dust mites, unlike pollen, which we are exposed to only at a certain part of the year.
DAO is an acronym for diamine oxidase. It is an enzyme that breaks down histamine. If there is not enough DAO in the body or if this enzyme is blocked, histamine accumulates, which can lead to symptoms similar to an allergic reaction.
Cyclosporine is a drug from the group of immunosuppressants. It is used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs after transplantation, but it is also used for the treatment of certain other diseases (e.g. for the treatment of atopic dermatitis). It works by suppressing the immune system.
CRP, or C-reactive protein, is a protein that is produced in the liver and is part of the body's immune response to inflammation or infection. CRP can be determined by laboratory blood tests. The value of CRP helps doctors distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. CRP can also be elevated in other diseases and not just in infections.
Claritine is a drug from the group of antihistamines. It is available in the form of tablets and syrup. The active substance found in Claritin is loratadine. Loratadine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is primarily used for the treatment of hives (urticaria), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
This is about seborrheic dermatitis, in which impetigo (a bacterial skin infection) has additionally appeared secondarily.
This refers to the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, which is accompanied by a secondary bacterial infection (impetigo).
It refers to allergic contact dermatitis. This is an inflammation of the skin that results from skin contact with a substance to which a particular person is allergic. An example of allergic contact dermatitis is redness, itching, peeling (blisters may also occur) at the site of contact of the belt buckle with the abdomen. The problem occurs in the patient who is allergic to a certain metal found in the metal buckle.
The term depigmentation refers to changes in the skin that are not pigmented. Depigmented spots can appear on the skin as part of various skin diseases. Depigmentation (white spots) are typically visible in a skin disease called vitiligo.
DH is an acronym for daily hospital - going to the hospital only for a daily check-up (usually a few days in a row). It is a substitute approach and it is used instead of being in the hospital the whole time, including through the night.
Detritivous dermatitis or irritative contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that occurs due to exposure of the skin to certain irritating substances, but it is not an allergy. A typical example of detritivous dermatitis is inflamed skin on the hands, which occurs due to excessive hand washing with soap.
The synonym for disseminated is widespread. Example of usage: foci are present disseminated throughout the entire body. This describes that the foci are present throughout the entire skin of the body.
A dermatologist is a doctor who deals with the treatment of skin diseases. Dermatologists are actually dermatovenerologists - doctors who deal with the treatment of skin (dermato-) and sexually transmitted diseases (venerologists).
Dynamic obstruction is a medical term referring to a reduction in the patency of the airways, which can vary depending on various factors. This means that the airways, which are usually open and allow the flow of air in and out of the lungs, narrow or become blocked. The narrowing of the airways can be triggered by various factors, such as allergens, infections, physical activity, or even stress. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, coughing, choking, etc.
Respiratory distress is a condition in which a person has difficulty with normal breathing. A person with respiratory distress experiences severe shortness of breath. Respiratory distress can be a symptom of various health conditions, including asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pneumonia, heart failure, and others. Respiratory distress is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
With the mentioned term, we describe that during auscultation (listening to the lungs with a stethoscope), we hear crackles and pops that are present throughout the lungs (diffusely), but they occur in the phase of inhalation and exhalation (thus in two phases - biphasic).
We use the mentioned term when we want to describe that the entire skin is diseased, as opposed to just locally being affected. So not localized or confined but widely spread.
The family anamnesis collects data about chronic diseases suffered by any close family members. Anamnesis consists of data about the patient's health condition, acquired by the doctor during the examination with questions posed to the patient. Anamnesis is usually stated at the beginning of each medical report. The anamnesis collects data about the problem for which the patient came for examination, and at the same time, the anamnesis also includes data about allergies, possible other associated diseases, etc. Example of family anamnesis: mother has a known atopic dermatitis.
DBC is an acronym for a differential blood count. It is a blood test that lists the numerical and percentage values of individual leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).
Diprosone is a local corticosteroid used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, nummular dermatitis...). It is available in the form of cream or ointment. The active substance found in Diprosone is betamethasone. Corticosteroids are medications that act anti-inflammatory or reduce inflammation.
Diprogenta is available in the form of cream and ointment. It is a local medicine, which contains two active ingredients: the corticosteroid betamethasone and the antibiotic gentamicin. Diprogenta is used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, which also involve a secondary bacterial infection.
Common eczema refers to Atopic Dermatitis, one of the most common forms of eczema, a condition that causes the skin to become itchy, dry and cracked.
EASI is an acronym for "eczema area and severity index". It is a scoring system used to assess the severity of atopic dermatitis. In this system, the skin is divided into 4 areas (head and neck, upper limbs, torso, lower limbs). On each of the mentioned 4 areas, we assess redness, swelling, scratches, and lichenification - chronic thickening of the skin. From the sum of the points from all four areas, we can determine the severity of atopic dermatitis.
Dupixent is the name for a medicine that contains dupilumab. Dupilumab is a biological medicine (interleukin 4 and 13 inhibitor). It is used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and asthma.
Dupilumab is a biological medicine (inhibitor of interleukin 4 and 13). It is used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and asthma.
There are eczema foci on the skin. The word eczema describes a skin condition when red, flaky foci appear on the skin, which usually itch. The skin is often also dry when eczema appears. Eczema is not contagious. It is usually treated with local corticosteroids and proper skin care.
It refers to a diagnosis where there is a suspicion of a widespread form of skin infection with the herpes virus (usually with herpes simplex virus type 1).
The word eczema describes a skin condition in which red, flaky patches appear on the skin, which usually itch. The skin is often dry when eczema occurs. Eczema is not contagious. It is usually treated with local corticosteroids and proper skin care.
Efflorescence (outbreak) is a term with which we describe a particular change on the skin or mucous membrane in a certain rash.
It is exhalation, the process of expelling air from the lungs during the breathing cycle. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, and the elastic recoil of lung tissue reduces the thoracic volume, thereby increasing intraalveolar pressure.
Excochleate means "to remove with a cochlea". A cochlea is a tool that we often use in dermatological clinics. The cochlea looks like a small spoon that has a sharp edge. We often remove molluscs with a cochlea.
It refers to foci of eczematoid dermatitis, which are thickened or above the skin level. The word eczema describes a skin condition when red, scaly foci appear on the skin, which usually itch. The skin is often also dry when eczema occurs. Eczema is not contagious. We usually treat it with local corticosteroids and proper skin care.
Elocom is a local corticosteroid, used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczematoid dermatitis, nummular dermatitis...). It is available in the form of cream, ointment, and dermal solution. The active substance found in Elocom is mometasone. Corticosteroids are medicines that act anti-inflammatory or reduce inflammation.
Elidel is a medicinal cream that contains the active ingredient pimecrolimus. It is a medicinal cream from the group of calcineurin inhibitors. It belongs to the group of immunomodulators. It is primarily used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Epicutaneous tests are tests used to detect potential contact allergies. These tests are usually performed on the skin of the back. Allergens are applied to the skin and then patches are placed over them. The allergens stay on the skin for 48 hours, then they are removed. This is followed by the first reading of the results, and usually the next day there is a second reading of the results. The test is positive if redness/swelling/blisters appear at the tested site.
It refers to inflammation in the respiratory area, where eosinophils (one of the subtypes of leukocytes) are present in large numbers, often elevated in atopy.
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells or leukocytes that play a key role in our immune system. Their name derives from their ability to absorb the red dye eosin. Eosinophils are important in fighting against parasitic infections and also participate in inflammatory responses, which are often associated with allergies and asthma.
EMLA cream is a local anesthetic cream, used before various dermatological procedures (e.g., before removing mollusks) with the purpose of reducing pain. EMLA cream contains the active ingredients lidocaine and prilocaine.
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are a key part of our blood system. Their main task is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body and return carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. Erythrocytes are somewhat special cells because, unlike most other cells in the body, they do not contain a nucleus. They also have a special, biconcave shape, which allows them to adapt and travel through narrow capillaries. Their red color comes from hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. A lack of erythrocytes or hemoglobin leads to anemia or blood deficiency.
Erythematous means reddened. Reddened skin can appear as part of various dermatological diseases (e.g., in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.).
Epithelial cells are cells that form the epithelium. The epithelium (also known as covering tissue) surrounds the surfaces of certain organs (skin, digestive system, respiratory system, etc.). The epithelium of the skin is called the epidermis.
FEV1/FEV6 is a ratio that can be used to determine if a person has an obstructive respiratory disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second) is the amount of air a person can exhale in the first second after a deep breath. FEV6 (forced expiratory volume in six seconds) is the amount of air a person can exhale in six seconds after a deep breath.
FEV1 is the volume of air a person exhales in the first second of exhalation. The measurement is performed by having the person take a deep breath in, then forcefully exhale into a mouthpiece through which the volume of exhaled air can be measured. The measurement is taken as part of spirometry.
Fenistil drops are a medicine from the group of antihistamines. The active substance found in Fenistil drops is dimetindene. Levocetirizine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is primarily used for the treatment of urticaria (hives), itching, seasonal or perennial allergies.
FA is an acronym for familial anamnesis, also known as family anamnesis. The family anamnesis includes information about possible chronic diseases in relatives.
Flonidan is a medication from the group of antihistamines. It is available in the form of tablets and syrup. The active substance found in Flonidan is loratadine. Loratadine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is primarily used for the treatment of hives (urticaria), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
Flixotide is a medication used for the treatment of asthma and COPD. It is available in the form of a powder for inhalation and inhalation suspension under pressure. The active substance found in Flixotide is fluticasone. It is a corticosteroid or anti-inflammatory drug.
Saline is an aqueous solution that contains 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl). Due to its composition, it is ideal for use in medicine, as it is safe and does not irritate body tissues. It is used for various purposes, such as cleaning wounds, rinsing eyes, nose or ears, rehydrating the body, and as a carrier of drugs in infusions. The physiological solution is sterile and without preservatives, which means it does not cause allergic reactions or irritation.
Fixed airway obstruction refers to a condition in which the airways are partially or completely blocked. This blockage is permanent or "fixed", meaning that it does not improve over time or with treatment. The obstruction makes breathing difficult, which can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, coughing, and a feeling of tightness in the chest. The obstruction can occur in various places in the airways, including the nose, throat, trachea, and bronchi. Fixed airway obstruction can be the result of various diseases.
Fucidin is a medicine that contains the active ingredient fusidic acid. It is an antibiotic. It is available in the form of cream and ointment. Fucidin is used for the treatment of bacterial skin infections.
Phototherapy is a type of treatment that utilizes the anti-inflammatory action of ultraviolet rays. Within phototherapy, we use UVB and UVA rays. With phototherapy, we can treat the skin of the entire body or just individual parts of the body (e.g. hands). We use phototherapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo and some other skin diseases.
Flutiform is a medicine in the form of a pressurized inhalation suspension. It is a mixture of two active substances (formoterol and fluticasone). It is a combination of a long-acting beta2 adrenergic receptor agonist and a corticosteroid. The medicine Flutiform is used for the treatment of asthma.
Flucloxacillin altamedics is a medicine in tablet form. The active ingredient in the mentioned medicine is flucloxacillin. It's an antibiotic used for the treatment of certain bacterial infections.
Hematocrit (abbreviation Ht) is the volume fraction of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood and is an indirect measure of blood viscosity. It can be determined by sedimentation of blood cells (erythrocytes) in a peripheral blood sample using centrifugation.
FVC is an acronym for "forced vital capacity" or forced vital capacity. FVC is the amount or volume of exhaled air that a person exhales after a deep breath.
It refers to a form of atopic dermatitis, in where skin changes are distributed throughout practically the entire body.
Garamycin is a medicine - an antibiotic, in which the active substance is gentamicin. It is available in the form of an ointment and a solution for injection or infusion. The ointment is used for the treatment of bacterial skin infections.
Herpetic infection is an infection with herpesviruses (usually by the phrase "herpetic infection" we mean HSV type 1 and HSV type 2. Herpes Simplex is a viral disease caused by two different viruses: Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 is the most common cause of oral herpes, which manifests as painful sores or blisters around the mouth. HSV-2 most commonly causes genital herpes, which manifests as painful sores in the genital area. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with the affected part of the body, either through kissing or sexual intercourse. Herpes cannot be cured, and outbreaks usually reoccur. Herpes outbreaks can be treated with antiviral medications.
Herpes Simplex is a viral disease caused by two different viruses: Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 is the most common cause of oral herpes, which manifests as painful sores or blisters around the mouth. HSV-2 most commonly causes genital herpes, which manifests as painful sores in the genital area. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with the affected part of the body, either through kissing or sexual intercourse. Herpes cannot be cured, and outbreaks usually recur. Herpes outbreaks can be treated with antiviral medications.
The term hepatogram refers to blood tests for the detection of possible liver diseases. Therefore, it is an examination of liver tests (AST, ALT, gamaGT, bilirubin, possibly individual others).
Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron. Its task is to transport oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells or erythrocytes.
The term hypopigmentation refers to a patch on the skin that is lighter than its surroundings. Hypopigmentation can appear on the skin after inflammation, but it can also be part of other diseases (e.g. vitiligo).
It refers to a Latin term, which means hypodysplasia and hypofunction of the right kidney. The word hypofunction refers to reduced function. The word hypodysplasia refers to a smaller (typically congenital) kidney, with a reduced number of nephrons (the basic structural and functional unit in the kidneys), and the cells in the kidneys are also dysplastic (altered).
Potassium permanganate is contained in hypermangan. This substance has antimicrobial properties. In addition to basic treatment, hypermangan solutions can be used for cleaning wounds, bacterial and fungal skin infections, and inflammatory skin diseases where a secondary bacterial infection has occurred.
The text refers to an anamnesis provided by the mother. Anamnesis is the data about the patient's health condition, obtained by the doctor during the examination with questions posed to the patient. Anamnesis is usually stated at the beginning of each medical report. The anamnesis contains data about the problem for which the patient came for the examination, and at the same time, data regarding allergies, potential additional associated diseases, family diseases, etc., are also provided in the anamnesis.
Severe bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a condition where the airways in the lungs, called bronchi, become overly sensitive to various irritants, such as dust, certain smells, cold air, or even physical activity. This hypersensitivity causes the bronchi to suddenly narrow, making breathing difficult. Symptoms can range from mild breathlessness to severe suffocation.
HSV is an acronym for herpes simplex virus. We know two types - HSV type 1 and HSV type 2. Herpes Simplex is a viral disease caused by two different viruses: Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 is the most common cause of oral herpes, which manifests as painful sores or blisters around the mouth. HSV-2, on the other hand, most often causes genital herpes, which manifests as painful sores in the genital area. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with the affected part of the body, either through kisses or sexual intercourse. Herpes cannot be cured, there are usually recurrent outbreaks. Herpes outbreaks can be treated with antiviral drugs.
Histamine intolerance is a condition that occurs when a large amount of histamine accumulates in the body. There are two reasons for the accumulation of histamine: excessive intake of histamine into the body or reduced breakdown of histamine. Symptoms of histamine intolerance are similar to those of an allergic reaction (headache, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing, etc.).
Histamine is a molecule that is produced in the human body and has numerous functions. It participates in the transmission of signals through the nervous system, is important in the function of the digestive system, is important in the inflammatory response, in allergic reactions, itching, etc. It also causes increased permeability of small vessels (capillaries). It is secreted by basophils and mast cells.
Impetigo is a contagious skin disease that often occurs in children, but can affect people of all ages. It is caused by bacteria (streptococci or staphylococci). Impetigo is characterized by the appearance of yellow crusts or scabs on the skin, but blisters may also appear before this. These changes most often occur on the face, around the mouth and nose, but can appear anywhere on the body. Impetigo is treated with antibiotics.
This refers to the diagnosis of sensitization or an examination in which specific IgE are measured in the patient's serum. With the allergomicrogrid, a larger number of different specific IgE are measured simultaneously.
IgG is an acronym for immunoglobulin G. It refers to a type of antibodies produced by our immune system. Antibodies are important in defending the human body against harmful microorganisms. Antibodies are also involved in various allergic reactions.
S-tTG IgA is an acronym for a serological test for antibodies (type IgA) against tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in the blood. This test is often used to detect celiac disease. Antibodies against tTG increase in the body when a person with celiac disease is exposed to gluten. Therefore, the presence of these antibodies in the blood is a strong indicator of active disease.
Immunomodulators are a group of drugs used to inhibit or accelerate immune response.
An immunologist is a doctor who deals with diseases related to the immune system. The immunologist also deals with allergies, which are the result of an exaggerated immune system reaction to harmless substances, such as pollen or certain foods.
This is about seborrheic dermatitis, in which impetigo (a bacterial skin infection) has additionally appeared secondarily.
The immune response is the response of the immune system to harmful microorganisms and altered (cancerous) cells in the body. Sometimes it happens that the immune response also occurs on normal (healthy) cells in the body. In this case, we speak of an autoimmune disease. The immune response also occurs with vaccination.
Inhaled corticosteroids are drugs from the group of corticosteroids, which we use for the treatment of lung diseases (e.g. asthma). We introduce them into the body or lungs through inhalation.
Indifferent ointments are ointments, which in other words we also call care ointments. So, these are ointments that moisturize the skin, prevent water loss through the skin, but do not contain medicinal substances (e.g., antibiotics, corticosteroids, etc.).
The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and molecules that protect the body from harmful microorganisms and cancer cells. The immune system is composed of two parts - non-specific (or innate) and specific (or acquired). The non-specific part is our first line of defense and works the same against all types of foreign bodies. The specific part, on the other hand, is more precise and adapts to specific threats, while at the same time remembering how to fight against the same threats in the future. A healthy immune system is extremely important for our well-being and health.
Platelets, also known as blood platelets, are cells found in the blood. Their main task is blood clotting. With a reduced number of platelets, there can be problems with stopping any potential bleeding. Conversely, with elevated levels of platelets, there can be problems with blood clots.
This refers to the diagnosis of sensitization or an examination in which specific IgE are measured in the patient's serum. With the allergomicrogrid, a larger number of different specific IgE are measured simultaneously.
An ionogram is an examination that measures the level of electrolytes (ionic substances, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the blood. These substances are essential for the proper functioning of the body, as they regulate the amount of water, blood acidity, muscle functions and other important processes.
Zinc is a chemical element that is also found in small quantities in the human body and is very important for growth, healing, immune response, etc. Zinc deficiency can manifest itself with growth retardation, diarrhea, primary hypogonadism, skin diseases, weakened taste and smell, and weakened immunity and resistance to infections.
The word cardiorespiratory refers to the heart (cardio-) and lungs (-respiratory). In medical reports, it is often written that a certain person is cardiorespiratory stable, which means there are no major disturbances in the functioning of the heart and lungs that would endanger a person's life.
If, for example, we press on the skin on another part of the body (usually on the toes), then remove the finger, we can see that the blood returns to the capillaries and the skin regains its pink color. The time from the end of the pressure to the skin regaining its normal color is called capillary return. By measuring the capillary return, we determine whether our limbs are well blooded. If, for example, the vessels that supply blood to the limbs are narrowed, the capillary return will be prolonged.
Hb is an acronym for hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron. Its task is to transport oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells.
MCH is an acronym that we find in the blood laboratory test results. MCH is an acronym for "mean corpuscular hemoglobin". It refers to the average amount of hemoglobin in each of the red blood cells or erythrocytes.
Hematocrit (abbreviation Ht) is the volume fraction of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood and is an indirect measure of blood viscosity. It can be determined by sedimentation of blood cells (erythrocytes) in a peripheral blood sample using centrifugation.
Corticosteroids are a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal gland in the body. They are divided into glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. In medicine, we use drugs from the corticosteroid group for treating various diseases, their effect is, among other things, also anti-inflammatory action.
Contact allergies are allergies that usually appear at the point of contact with an allergen. A typical example of contact allergy is an allergy to nickel. If an individual who is allergic to nickel has a nickel belt buckle, redness, tiny red rashes, and even blisters may appear at the point of contact of the buckle with the skin.
MCV is an acronym found in the results of laboratory blood tests. MCV stands for "mean corpuscular volume". It refers to the average volume of red blood cells or erythrocytes. MCV is important when we want to determine which type of anemia (anemia - reduced amount of hemoglobin and/or number of red blood cells) is present. In microcytic anemia (for example, in case of iron deficiency), MCV is reduced, while in macrocytic anemia (for example, in case of vitamin B12 deficiency), MCV is increased.
MCHC is an acronym that we find in the findings of blood laboratory tests. MCHC is an acronym for "mean corposcular hemoglobin concentration". It refers to the amount of hemoglobin per specific volume unit (e.g. g/dcl).
This refers to a disease that lasts for a long time (usually several years). A typical example of a chronic disease is atopic dermatitis, unlike for example, a cold, which is an acute disease and passes in a few days.
These are tests where we try to determine whether a person has an allergy to a particular substance. The tests are performed on the skin. Among the most well-known skin allergy tests are skin prick tests (PRICK tests) and patch testing. PRICK tests are usually performed on the forearms, and we get the results within half an hour. In this testing, we identify food and inhalant allergies (dust mites, cat hair, pollen ...). Patch testing is performed on the back. We get the results in a few days. With patch testing, we identify potential contact allergies (allergy to metals, preservatives ...).
These are tests where we try to determine whether a person has an allergy to a particular substance. The tests are performed on the skin. Among the most well-known skin allergy tests are skin prick tests (PRICK tests) and patch testing. PRICK tests are usually performed on the forearms, and we get the results within half an hour. In this testing, we identify food and inhalant allergies (dust mites, cat hair, pollen ...). Patch testing is performed on the back. We get the results in a few days. With patch testing, we identify potential contact allergies (allergy to metals, preservatives ...).
The skin barrier is the outer layer of the skin, which acts as a boundary between the external environment and the internal environment of the body. The skin barrier is composed of skin cells and fats, as well as numerous other substances (e.g. antimicrobial peptides). Part of the skin barrier are also "good" microorganisms (the most numerous are bacteria), which protect the skin from harmful microorganisms. If the skin barrier is weakened, as is the case with atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes inflamed, itchy, peels off, and also more often leads to various infections.
The term "blood allergy tests" usually refers to examinations in which specific antibodies (IgE) against certain allergens are determined or sought in the laboratory.
Chronic rhinitis means chronic (long-term) inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Symptoms that patients experience include constant nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching of the nose. Chronic rhinitis can be allergic or non-allergic.
A chronic infection is a long-term health condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, remain in the body for an extended period. This can happen when the immune system is not able to completely eliminate the infection. Chronic infections can occur anywhere in the body, including the lungs, ears, skin, or urinary tract. Symptoms depend on the location and type of infection. Treatment typically consists of long-term use of antibiotics or other drugs aimed at destroying pathogenic microorganisms. A typical example of a chronic infection is chronic hepatitis B.
Leukocytes are cells that are found in our blood and are also referred to as white blood cells. They are part of the immune system. Leukocytes include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. Each of the aforementioned cells has an important function in defending the human body against harmful microorganisms or modified own cells.
Letizen is a medication from the group of antihistamines. It is available in tablet form. The active substance in Letizen is cetirizine. Cetirizine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is primarily used for the treatment of hives (urticaria), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
Lactose intolerance is quite a common problem, in which the body cannot digest lactose. Lactose is a type of sugar that is found in milk and dairy products. The cause of lactose intolerance is usually due to a lack of the enzyme lactase, which helps to digest lactose. Because of this, digestive problems can occur (abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating). Some people can manage lactose intolerance by limiting the consumption of dairy products or by taking dietary supplements that contain the enzyme lactase.
Locoidon is a local corticosteroid used to treat various inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczematoid dermatitis, nummular dermatitis...). It is available in the form of a cream (Locoidon lipocream) or dermal emulsion (Locoidon crelo). The active substance found in Locoidon is hydrocortisone butyrate. Corticosteroids are drugs that act anti-inflammatory or reduce inflammation.
PII is an acronym for personal anamnesis. Anamnesis is the data about a patient's health condition, which is obtained by the doctor during the examination with questions posed to the patient. The anamnesis is usually stated at the beginning of each medical report. In the anamnesis, data about the problem for which the patient came for the examination are collected, and at the same time, data about allergies, possible other associated diseases, about family diseases, etc., are also stated in the anamnesis. Examples of questions that a doctor asks during an examination, if it is, for example, atopic dermatitis, are the following: How long have the foci been appearing? Where on the skin are the foci present? What have you applied to your skin so far? What improves or worsens the condition? etc.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells or leukocytes. They are part of the immune system. We know two types of lymphocytes (B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes). Besides defending against harmful microorganisms, lymphocytes are also important in the development of inflammatory diseases (e.g. in atopic dermatitis).
Lichenification is a term used to describe a thickened, rough area of skin, which is most often the result of chronic scratching of inflamed foci. Lichenified foci are a common occurrence on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.
LTP is an acronym for "long term prophylaxis". It involves patients with HAE (Hereditary Angioedema) regularly receiving medication to prevent swelling attacks.
Local treatment means treatment at the site where the disease occurs. An example of local treatment is applying medicinal ointment to the focus of inflamed skin.
Local glucocorticoids are medicines from the group of glucocorticoids in the form of creams, ointments, solutions, which are applied directly to the focus of diseased skin.
Local antibiotic therapy is a treatment method in which the antibiotic is in the form of a cream or ointment and is applied directly to the area where the skin is diseased.
MCH is an acronym that we find in the findings of lab. blood tests. MCH is an acronym for "mean corpuscular hemoglobin". It refers to the average amount of hemoglobin in each of the red blood cells or erythrocytes.
Maxitrol is available in the form of ointment or drops. It is a local drug that contains several active ingredients - dexamethasone (corticosteroid) and neomycin sulfate (antibiotic) and polymyxin B sulfate (antibiotic). Maxitrol is used for treating inflammation in the eye area, where there is suspicion of additional bacterial infection.
Maxidex ointment is a corticosteroid (anti-inflammatory) ointment. The active ingredient found in Maxidex ointment is dexamethasone.
A macule is a change in the skin that is at the level of the skin (not palpable to the touch) and is less than 1 cm. A papule is a change in the skin that is above the level of the skin (palpable to the touch) and is also less than 1 cm. The word maculopapule is used to name skin rashes in which changes are less than 1 cm, individual changes are at the level of the skin, while others are above the level of the skin.
MCHC is an acronym that we find in the lab. blood test results. MCHC stands for "mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration". It refers to the amount of hemoglobin per specific volume unit (e.g. g/dcl).
MEF is an acronym for "maximal expiratory flow". It refers to the maximum air flow during exhalation. MEF is measured in liters per second. The measurement is carried out during spirometry.
Medrol is a drug from the group of corticosteroids. The active ingredient found in Medrol is methylprednisolone. Medrol is available in the form of tablets and solutions for injection or infusion. Medrol is used for the treatment of numerous diseases. It is primarily used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and also other organs.
MCV is an acronym found in the results of lab. blood tests. MCV stands for "mean corpuscular volume". It refers to the average volume of red blood cells or erythrocytes. MCV is important when we want to determine the type of anemia (anemia - a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and/or the number of red blood cells). In microcytic anemia (e.g., iron deficiency), the MCV is decreased, while in macrocytic anemia (e.g., vitamin B12 deficiency), the MCV is increased.
Mommox is a medication in the form of a nasal spray. The active ingredient found in Mommox is the corticosteroid mometasone. Mommox is indicated for the treatment of allergic or perennial rhinitis and for the treatment of nasal polyps in adults.
It is a viral skin infection, in which tiny warts (usually the color of the skin) appear on the skin, caused by the mollusc virus. Molluscs are a common infection in children with atopic dermatitis. In adult patients, however, it can also be a sexually transmitted infection.
It is a viral skin infection, where small warts (usually the color of the skin) appear on the skin, caused by the molluscum virus. Mehkužke are a common infection in children with atopic dermatitis. In adult patients, however, it can also be a sexually transmitted infection.
The methacholine test is a diagnostic examination used to detect asthma, especially when symptoms are mild or irregular. Methacholine is a substance that causes narrowing of the airways (bronchospasm) in people with asthma, but not in healthy individuals. The test is performed by having a person inhale increasing amounts of methacholine. After each inhalation, it is measured how much air a person can exhale at once. If the amount of air a person can exhale is reduced by a certain percentage, the test is positive for asthma.
Non-allergic hypersensitivity is a condition where the body reacts to a substance that is not an allergen, meaning it does not cause an allergic reaction. This reaction is not the result of an immune response, as is the case with allergies, but due to increased sensitivity of the body to a certain substance. This can occur for various reasons, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, or excessive exposure to certain substances. Symptoms of non-allergic hypersensitivity include digestive problems, headaches, fatigue, skin rashes, etc. Treatment usually focuses on avoiding substances that cause symptoms and on alleviating symptoms.
MRSA is an acronym that stands for "methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus". So it is a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.
MPV is an acronym for "mean platelet volume". It refers to the average volume or size of platelets. This test is routinely performed as part of a hemogram or complete blood count examination.
Monocytes are cells that are located in the blood. They belong to leukocytes or white blood cells. They are part of the immune system. Monocytes from the blood migrate to tissues, where they transform into macrophages. The essential task of macrophages is the "swallowing" of microorganisms or dead cells, but they also have other functions within the immune response.
Normocardia is a term that tells us that an individual has a normal heart rate, i.e., that their heart does not beat too slowly or too fast. If an individual is normocardic, it means that their heart beats at a rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
It refers to segmented neutrophils. These are cells that are located in the blood and belong to the leukocytes or white blood cells. They are part of the immune system. The name segmented comes from the shape of the nucleus, which is segmented or composed of several parts.
The mentioned phrase means that in the past, the kidney and ureter on the right side were removed from a certain patient.
Nephrectomy is a surgical procedure in which the entire kidney or part of the kidney is removed.
Pathological resistance is a term we use to describe a certain hardness that can be palpated during an examination. Example of the term usage: I do not palpate any pathological resistances in the abdomen.
A papule or bump is a skin change, above the level of the skin, that is less than 1 cm large. Papules can appear anywhere on the skin. We see them in various skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, acne, lichen planus etc.)
Octenisan soap is an antiseptic soap. The use of antiseptic soap is advised when infections appear on the skin (e.g. with impetigo) or when we want to prevent infections.
Pityriasis-like scaling is a form of skin scaling, where the scales are very fine and resemble bran (pityriasis in Greek means bran). Pityriasis-like scaling can occur in various skin diseases.
Oral therapy is a method of treatment, in which drugs are ingested through the mouth and then absorbed in the digestive tract. In this way, the drug spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.
PEF is an acronym for "peak expiratory flow". It refers to the maximum flow of air during exhalation (after a prior deep inhalation). It is measured in liters per minute. It is usually measured with a handheld meter that looks like a mouthpiece, through which the person forcefully exhales (after a prior deep inhalation). PEF is commonly used to monitor asthma treatment.
PEF is an acronym for "peak expiratory flow". It refers to the maximum flow of air during exhalation (after a prior deep inhalation). It is measured in liters per minute. It is usually measured with a handheld meter that looks like a mouthpiece, through which the person forcefully exhales (after a prior deep inhalation). PEF is commonly used to monitor asthma treatment.
Each lung lobe is surrounded by two serous membranes, the visceral pleura (visceral pleura) and the parietal pleura (parietal pleura), which enclose a sponge-like pleural (pleural) cavity. Pleural effusion is a condition in which fluid accumulates between the two layers of the pleura.
Antibodies are proteins that our body produces in response to "foreign bodies", such as viruses, bacteria, or allergens. They act as part of the immune system. When a foreign body enters the body, our immune cells (B-lymphocytes) produce specific antibodies that fit onto the surface of the foreign body and mark it for attack. These antibodies then bind to other immune cells that attack and destroy the foreign body. Some antibodies remain in the body even after the foreign body is removed, allowing us to fight the same foreign body faster and more effectively if it reappears. This mechanism is the basis for the operation of vaccines.
PRICK tests or skin prick tests are tests used to detect sensitizations or allergies to a certain allergen. It's about proving hypersensitivity mediated by IgE. The test is performed by first drawing a grid on the forearm, onto which drops of individual allergens are applied, then the skin is minimally damaged over a drop of allergen with a tiny plastic stick (there is no bleeding). After this, wait approximately 20 minutes, then the test is read. If a wheal appears on the test field and the area itches, the test has proven sensitization to a certain allergen.
The lung volume is the amount of air that our lungs can contain. It is divided into several parts. The first is the tidal volume, which is the amount of air we normally inhale and exhale. The second is the reserve volume, which is the amount of air we can inhale or exhale in addition to the tidal volume, if we try. The third is the residual volume, which is the amount of air that always remains in the lungs to keep them open. Together they form the total lung volume. This can vary depending on age, gender, height, and physical condition. A reduction in lung volume may indicate lung diseases such as asthma, bronchitis or emphysema.
A pulmonologist is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases.
Pseudoallergy is a body's reaction that is similar to an allergic reaction, but does not involve the immune system. It is a direct reaction to the perpetrator (e.g., additives, dyes, preservatives in food), which triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances from cells in the body. Symptoms of pseudoallergy can include hives, swelling, breathing difficulties, digestive problems, and in some cases anaphylactic shock. Because pseudoallergies do not involve antibodies, allergy tests usually do not show any reaction. Treatment usually involves avoiding triggers and using antihistamines to relieve symptoms.
Protopic is a medicinal ointment, which contains the active ingredient tacrolimus. It is available in the form of 0.03% ointment and 0.1% ointment. It belongs to the group of calcineurin inhibitors. It falls into the category of immunosuppressants. It is primarily used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
It is about inflammation of the nasal mucosa and conjunctiva. Rhinconjunctivitis most often occurs due to infection or due to allergy.
This refers to a persistent (chronic) allergic inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Perennial allergic rhinitis occurs if we are exposed to a certain allergen all year round (e.g. allergy to dust mites).
Regression means retrogression. The term regression in dermatology is usually used when skin changes are disappearing or the condition is improving. Example of use: the foci are in regression. This means that the foci are less visible or less pronounced than they were in the past.
RDW or Red Cell Distribution Width is a laboratory test used to measure differences in the volume and size of erythrocytes. The test is part of a hemogram or complete blood count. An increased RDW may indicate various health problems (e.g., anemia).
AST is an acronym for aspartate aminotransferase. It is a liver test. Elevated levels may indicate liver damage.
ALT is an acronym for alanine aminotransferase. It is a liver test. Elevated values may indicate liver damage.
RR can be an acronym for blood pressure (for example, RR 120/70 mmHg means that someone has a blood pressure of 120/70 mmHg). RR can also be an acronym for "respiratory rate" - RR 12/min means that a person inhales 12 times in one minute.
The phrase "rweeping skin" is usually used to describe an acute inflammation of the skin, where in addition to redness and swelling, small droplets of transparent-yellow to blood-colored fluid appear on the skin. The droplets later dry up and crusts or scabs form. Because the droplets can look like morning dew, we call such skin "roseča koža".
Sodium is one of the electrolytes that we measure in the blood. It is important for maintaining fluid balance, for the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle function, etc. Sodium is found in numerous foods, but primarily in salt.
Chloride is one of the electrolytes that we measure in the blood. Elevated levels are observed, for example, in kidney diseases. Electrolytes play an important role in the body in maintaining acid-base balance.
S - gamma - GT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme found in many parts of the body, but most abundantly in the liver. The test for gamma - GT is used to detect liver or gallbladder disease, as the level of this enzyme in the blood increases when these organs are damaged. A high level of S - gamma - GT in the blood can also indicate excessive alcohol consumption.
CRP, or C-reactive protein, is a protein that is produced in the liver and is part of the body's immune response to inflammation or infection. CRP can be determined by laboratory blood tests. The value of CRP helps doctors distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. CRP can also be elevated in other diseases and not just in infections.
S-creatinine is a laboratory test used to assess kidney function. Creatinine is a substance produced by the body - it is a product of the breakdown of creatine phosphate. Since the kidneys remove creatinine from the blood, elevated levels of creatinine in the blood usually indicate poorer kidney function. Testing creatinine levels is important for detecting potential kidney diseases.
Potassium is an electrolyte that plays an important role in numerous bodily functions (e.g. heartbeat).
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced during the breakdown of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and is then excreted from the body through the liver. A high level of bilirubin in the blood manifests as jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and can be a sign of various diseases (e.g. hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), gallstones, etc.).
This refers to a blood test, in which potential antibodies against hepatitis C are being checked or searched for. Anti-HCV non-reactive means a negative test for hepatitis C, or that the patient does not have hepatitis C.
It is a test used to determine the amount of antibodies (in IU/L) against the viral envelope protein (anti HBs). Anti HBs appear in the blood after recovery from hepatitis B and after prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B.
It refers to the qualitative proof of overall antibodies (anti HBc IgM and/or IgG) against the protein of the viral capsid (HBc Ag). Anti HBc in combination with HBsAg is the best serological marker for screening testing for HBV infection. The overall antibodies anti HBc are a virological indicator that is present in all stages of hepatitis B (except in the period before the appearance of HBsAg and a few days after it). Nereak. is an abbreviation for non-reactive or negative result of the mentioned test.
Sandimmun Neoral is the name of a medication which contains the active ingredient cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a drug from the group of immunosuppressants. It is used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs after transplantation, and is also used for the treatment of certain other diseases (e.g. for the treatment of atopic dermatitis). It works by suppressing the immune system.
It refers to a bacterial infection (impetigo) that occurs as a secondary disease on an already damaged or inflamed skin (e.g., in atopic dermatitis).
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin disease that primarily affects areas of the skin with a high amount of sebaceous glands, such as the scalp, face, and upper body. Seborrheic dermatitis is associated with the yeast Malassezia, which is usually present on the skin, but can cause inflammation in some people. Symptoms include redness, itching, skin peeling or dandruff. The disease is not contagious, it can be well treated, but it cannot be cured. Seborrheic dermatitis is treated with the use of antifungal shampoos and creams and local corticosteroids.
SCORAD is an acronym for the term "scoring atopic dermatitis". It is a scoring system that we use to determine how severe a case of atopic dermatitis is in a certain patient. With SCORAD, we assess the intensity of erythema, swelling, exudation, excoriation, lichenification (chronic thickening of the skin), and also assess skin dryness. In addition, we record the percentage of affected skin on a certain part of the body in the scoring system. The level of itchiness and insomnia (from 1 to 10, in the last 3 days) is also recorded in the scoring system. Based on these values, we get points that help us determine whether the atopic dermatitis is mild (less than 25 points), moderate (25-50 points), or severe (50 points or more).
Saturation means the blood's oxygen saturation. Normal saturation is between 95% and 100%. If the saturation is too low, it means that there is not enough oxygen in the blood, which can lead to various health problems.
Sensitization with Malassezia yeasts means that the patient has specific IgE antibodies against Malassezia yeasts present in their blood. These are yeasts that can be normally present on the skin. In certain cases, however, they can also cause problems (e.g. seborrheic dermatitis and Pityriasis versicolor).
Hay fever is a synonym for allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity, usually caused by an allergy to pollen. The symptoms are very similar to those of a cold or runny nose (blocked nose, runny nose, sneezing), which is why it is also called hay fever.
It is about antibodies (immunoglobulins A - IgA). EMA is an acronym for endomysial antibodies, which are specific for celiac disease, an autoimmune disease that causes problems with gluten digestion. The S-EMA IgA test is used to detect celiac disease, as an elevated level of these antibodies in the blood is often a sign of this disease. If the S-EMA IgA test is positive, it is a strong indicator of the presence of celiac disease, but to confirm the diagnosis, an additional examination is usually needed, such as a biopsy of the small intestine.
It refers to infections that occur when the skin is already damaged or inflamed due to another disease or condition. An example of a secondary infection is impetigo (a bacterial skin infection) in a patient who has long been known to have atopic dermatitis.
Serous discharge is a type of fluid that our body secretes in response to inflammation. Serous discharge is usually watery, transparent or light yellow. This fluid is primarily composed of proteins and water, which are secreted by the serous membranes that surround the internal organs and cavities in the body.
Seretide is a medication used for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases (asthma). It contains two active substances (salmeterol and fluticasone). It is a combination of a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist and an inhaled corticosteroid. The medication comes in the form of an inhaler.
Sensitization with staphylococcal enterotoxin means that the patient has specific IgE antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxins in the blood. Staphylococcal enterotoxins are toxins (poisonous substances) secreted by the staphylococcus bacteria.
Sensitization means the presence of specific antibodies (IgE) in the blood of a certain patient against a certain allergen, but it is not necessarily the case that the patient is also allergic to this allergen.
S-HBs Ag non-reactive is a medical term commonly used in laboratory tests for hepatitis B. S-HBs Ag refers to the hepatitis B surface antigen, which is a protein part of the hepatitis B virus and is usually present in the blood of a person infected with the hepatitis B virus. The term "non-reactive" means that the test did not detect the presence of this antigen in the blood sample. This means that the person is most likely not infected with the hepatitis B virus. However, it should be noted that the test can also be negative in the early stages of infection when the virus is not yet concentrated enough for the test to detect it. Therefore, it is important that all test results are interpreted taking into account clinical information and other laboratory tests.
Singulair is a medicine with the active ingredient montelukast. It is used for the treatment of asthma and relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
The word sindet is composed of two words - SINthetic DETergent. Sindet soap is a type of soap developed for people with dry, sensitive skin or for people with atopic dermatitis. Colloquially, sindet soap is also called "soap without soap". Sindet soaps do not contain fragrances and other irritating substances and do not dry out the skin.
IgE is an acronym for Immunoglobulin E. IgE is produced by cells called plasma cells. IgE plays an important part in the immune response. They play a role in defending the body against parasites. IgE also plays a significant role in type I hypersensitivity, which we encounter in asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis. IgE also plays a significant role in severe allergic reactions such as anaphylactic reaction.
Systemic treatment is a method of treatment that affects the entire body, not just a specific area. Medicines used in systemic therapy are usually administered in the form of tablets or injections.
Systemic antifungal treatment is a type of systemic treatment with antifungal drugs. Examples of systemic antifungals that we use for the treatment of fungal infections are: Lamisil (terbinafine), Sporanox (itraconazole), Diflucan (fluconazole).
Systemic corticosteroids are those corticosteroids that we use in the form of systemic treatment (e.g. in the form of tablets, injections or infusions). Examples of systemic corticosteroids are, for example, Medrol (methylprednisolone), Kenalog (triamcinolone), Flosteron (betamethasone) and others.
Systemic antibiotics are those antibiotics that we use in the form of systemic treatment (for example in the form of tablets, syrup, infusions or injections). Examples of systemic antibiotics are, for instance, Ospamox (amoxicillin), Amoksiklav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), Sumamed (azithromycin), Doksivibra (doxycycline) and others.
The term "cardiac action" is used to describe the entire work performed by the heart. The main task of the heart is to pump blood through the vessels. We mainly use the term "cardiac action" to describe whether the heart beats rhythmically or arrhythmically (regularly or irregularly) and whether the heart beats too fast or too slow. If someone's heart beats regularly or evenly and just fast enough, we say that the cardiac action is rhythmic and normocardic.
SpO2 stands for blood oxygen saturation. More specifically, it refers to the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin (hemoglobin that contains oxygen) compared to the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood (oxygenated and non-oxygenated hemoglobin). We measure SpO2 with a pulse oximeter.
Spirometry is a common initial diagnostic test for detecting lung diseases, primarily those with airway constrictions (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma). The examination looks like this, the examinee blows air into the device through the mouth with all his might.
Specific IgE (immunoglobulin E) are antibodies produced by our immune system in response to certain allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, or food. Each specific IgE antibody binds to a certain allergen, which triggers an immune response, causing allergy symptoms. Atopic diseases are often associated with high levels of specific IgE.
S-tTG IgA is an acronym for a serological test for antibodies (type IgA) against tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in the blood. This test is often used to detect celiac disease. Antibodies against tTG increase in the body when a person with celiac disease is exposed to gluten. Therefore, the presence of these antibodies in the blood is a strong indicator of active disease.
The Group G Streptococcus (beta-hemolytic) is a type of bacteria that belongs to the Streptococcus genus. This type of bacteria is usually found on the skin and in the respiratory tract of humans. Nevertheless, it can cause various types of infections. The name "beta-hemolytic" is associated with their ability to break down red blood cells, which results in the formation of a clear zone around bacterial colonies when they are cultured on blood agar. Infections with Group G Streptococcus are usually less common than infections with Group A or B Streptococcus, but they can still be serious. Streptococcal infections are treated with antibiotics.
Staphylococcus aureus (golden staph) is a type of bacteria often found on the skin of healthy people. However, under certain circumstances, it can cause serious infections. S. aureus can cause impetigo. The MRSA bacteria is quite well-known - it is S. aureus that is resistant to methicillin. Infections with S. aureus are treated with antibiotics.
TLCO (Transfer Factor for Lung diffusion of Carbon Monoxide) is a test used to determine how well the lungs can transfer gas, such as carbon monoxide, from the air we breathe into the blood. This is one of the most important functions of the lungs, as it is crucial for our body to be able to transfer oxygen from the air into the bloodstream. The TLCO test can help doctors diagnose various lung diseases, such as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, or pulmonary embolism. During the test, the patient takes a deep breath of a mixture of gases, including a small amount of carbon monoxide, and then holds their breath for a few seconds before exhaling. From the results of the test, doctors can determine how well the lungs are functioning.
The Tiffeneau index (TI) is the ratio between FEV1 and FVC. In spirometry, we measure the forced vital capacity (FVC), which represents the volume of exhaled air after a maximum long inhalation. When performing FVC, the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) is also measured, which is the volume of air that a person exhales in the first second of FVC. The ratio between FEV1 and FVC is called the Tiffeneau index, which in a healthy person is above 75%, meaning that a person with healthy lungs can exhale 3/4 of the air from the lungs in the first second of forced exhalation. These values vary depending on various factors, such as age, gender, and body height and weight.
TI is an acronym for Tiffneau's index. Tiffneau's index (TI) is the ratio between FEV1 and FVC. In spirometry, we measure Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which represents the volume of exhaled air after a maximum long inhale. When performing FVC, Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) is also measured, which is the volume of air that a person exhales in the first second of FVC. The ratio between FEV1 and FVC is called Tiffneau's index, which in a healthy person is above 75%, meaning that a person with healthy lungs can exhale 3/4 of the air from the lungs in the first second of forced exhalation. These values may vary depending on various factors, such as age, gender, and body height and weight.
Telfast is a medicine from the group of antihistamines. It is available in tablet form. The active substance found in Telfast is fexofenadine. Fexofenadine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is mainly used for the treatment of hives (urticaria), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
Urticaria or hives is a skin disease that appears on the skin as a manifestation of hive-like changes. Sometimes, along with hives on the skin, angioedema or swelling in the area of the eyelids, oral mucosa.... We distinguish between acute and chronic urticaria. In acute urticaria, hives on the skin appear for up to 6 weeks, in chronic, they last longer. Most often, the cause of urticaria are infections, allergies etc. Urticaria is treated with antihistamines.
Ung. Emolliens is a caring ointment, which we usually use as an ointment base. The following substances are found in Ung. Emolliens: Borax, cera alba, Cetylis palmitas, Paraffinum liquidum, Aqua purificata.
A vesicle is a small bubble filled with clear fluid. Vesicles or bubbles are typically seen on the skin in cases of chickenpox or shingles.
Ventolin is a medication that we usually use in the form of an inhaler. The active substance found in Ventolin is salbutamol. Salbutamol is a bronchoselective agonist of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. It is used to relieve and prevent bronchospasm (the patient experiences this as wheezing in the lungs and difficulty breathing). We use it in exacerbations of asthma, bronchitis, and certain other lung diseases.
VUR is an acronym for vesicoureteral reflux. It is a disease condition in which urine from the bladder returns back into the ureters. VUR bil. means vesicoureteral reflux on the left and right side.
It is about a nursing ointment, in which there is purified water (aqua purificata) and eucerol. Eucerol is an ointment base, composed of white vaseline, cholesterol and lanolin.
Vitamin ointment is a nurturing ointment that contains additional individual vitamins in its composition. The vitamin ointment for the eye contains dexpanthenol, thiamine (vitamin B1) and vitamin A.
Virolex is a medicine for treating viral infections. The active substance found in Virolex is acyclovir. Acyclovir works as a virustatic and is effective against Herpes simplex type 1 and 2 viruses as well as the VZV virus (Varicella zoster virus). Acyclovir is available in the form of tablets, cream, ointment, and solution for infusion.
Winter eczema is a skin disease that occurs mainly in the winter months. It is an inflammation of the skin, which is among other things a result of exposure to a cold environment. The skin of individuals who suffer from winter eczema itches, and redness and peeling may also occur. The skin is usually dry. The most important thing in treatment is proper care (avoiding a cold environment, washing with lukewarm water, regular application of care ointments). If it is a severe form, local anti-inflammatory drugs are also prescribed for treatment.
Xyzal is a medicine from the group of antihistamines. It is available in the form of tablets and syrup. The active substance found in Xyzal is levocetirizine. Levocetirizine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of histamine receptors type 1. It is primarily used for the treatment of hives (urticaria), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
VZV is an acronym for Varicella Zoster virus. It is a virus from the herpes virus group. It causes chickenpox or varicella, and also herpes zoster or shingles. VZV is transmitted by aerosol (we inhale the virus) or by contact. The disease is highly contagious. The incubation period (the time from infection to the appearance of symptoms) is usually 14 days. In children, it usually occurs in a mild form, but complications such as encephalitis (brain inflammation), hepatitis (liver inflammation), pneumonia can occur. Chickenpox or varicella is characterized by a rash in the form of blisters, which later become purulent, then burst and a crust appears, which later falls off. Blisters can appear anywhere, usually very itchy. Before the appearance of blisters, there is usually fatigue and elevated body temperature. Herpes zoster or shingles usually occurs in older people or those with weakened immune systems. It generally occurs in those who have had chickenpox or varicella in the past. So it is a reactivation of the virus after infection in the past. Blisters appear in groups, usually only on one side of the body in the form of a belt.
VUR is an acronym for vesicoureteral reflux. It refers to a medical condition in which urine from the bladder flows back into the ureters. There are 5 stages of VUR. Therefore, VUR sin gr. II-III means vesicoureteral reflux on the left side of stage 2-3.
Zyrtec is a medication from the group of antihistamines. It is available in the form of tablets and syrup. The active ingredient found in Zyrtec is cetirizine. Cetirizine is an antagonist (inhibitor) of type 1 histamine receptors. It is primarily used for treating urticaria (hives), itching, seasonal or year-round allergies.
Methotrexate is a medication used to treat cancers, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, and skin conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. It slows the growth of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, and reduces inflammation in autoimmune disorders. Administered orally or by injection, it requires regular monitoring due to potential side effects like liver damage and bone marrow suppression.
Azathioprine is a medication used to manage autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, also atopic dermatitis, as well as to prevent organ rejection after transplants. It works by reducing the activity of the immune system to help control inflammation and prevent the body from attacking its own tissues. Typically taken as a pill, it's monitored by healthcare providers to ensure safe, long-term use and to maintain the balance between effectiveness and minimal side effects.
Cibinqo (abrocitinib) is a medication used to treat moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (eczema). It belongs to a class of drugs known as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, which work by reducing inflammation that causes symptoms like itching and skin irritation.
Olumiant (baricitinib) is a medication used to treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and alopecia areata, and has been authorized for certain COVID-19 treatments in hospitalized patients. It works by inhibiting Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes, which play a role in the inflammation process. Taken as a once-daily oral pill, the typical dose for most patients is 2 mg per day, though some may require a higher dose.
Rinvoq (upadacitinib) is a medication used to treat various autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. It works by inhibiting the Janus kinase (JAK1) enzyme, which reduces inflammation and immune system overactivity. Rinvoq is typically taken as a once-daily oral tablet, and the dosage varies based on the condition being treated.